الروابط والعبارات الزمنية
•When the time clause precedes the main Clause, a comma is used - نستخدم فاصلة اذا جاءت أداة الربط الزمنية قبل العبارة الأساسية .
Examples
عندما يكون في المدينة , يزورنا Whenever he is in town, he visits us.-
time clause main clause
-He visits us whenever he is in town.
Sequence of Tenses
ترتيب الأزمنة
•Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. That is, when the verb of the main clause is in a present or (future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form. When the verb of the main clause is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form, too)
عندما يأتي فعل الجملة الأساسية في صيغة المضارع أو المستقبل , فان فعل العبارة الزمنية يأتي في صيغة المضارع وعندما يأتي في صيغة الماضي فيكون الفعل في صيغة الماضي أيضاً .
*Main clause : Time clause
Present - future . present simple or
imperative present perfect
Examples
-She takes off her shoes the moment that she gets home
البيت ..تخلع الحذاء في اللحظة التي تدخل فيها
سأتصل بك بمجرم أن أصل الي فندقي. -I'll call you as soon as I get to my hotel.
أطفي الأنوار قبل أن تغادر . -Turn off the lights before you leave.
*Past simple : past simple or
Past perfect : past perfect
Examples
-He took a shower after he had finished painting the room.أخذ حمام بعد أن أنهي دهان الحجرة
-They had reserved a table before they went to the restaurant.
منذ / قبل* ago – before
ago = before now.
e.g.
-My parents got married twenty years ago. (== twenty years before now)
*before = before a past time.
e.g.
-Helen and Mike got married last month.
They had met six months before. (= six months before last month}
حتي*until/till - by the time
until/till = up to the time when
e.g.
-You must stay in the office until / till you finish / have finished the report.
{= up to the lime when you finish the report)
-They'll be at their summer house until/till Sunday.
(= up to Sunday)
*by the time + clause = not later than the moment something happens
e.g.
- I will have set the table by the time you come home. (= before, not later than the moment you come home)
قبل الموعد المحدد by = not later than
e g.
-I'll let you know my decision by Friday. (= not later than Friday)
Notes:
-not... until/till
e.g.
-I won't have finished my work until/till/before Thursday.
-Both until/till and before can be used to say how far away a future event is.
e.g.
-There's only one week until/till/before my summer holidays.
أثناء / بينماduring - while/as
during + noun = in the time period .
e.g.
- We learnt several interesting facts during the lecture.
while/as + clause = in the time period.
e.g.
-We learnt several interesting facts while/as we were listening to the lecture.
عندما * when - (time conjunction) + present tense
e.g.
-We'll order some pizzas when our friends get here.
*when = (question word) + will/would
e.g.
I'm not sure when his next book will be published.
لذلك / كنتيجة علي ذلك *as a result / therefore/consequently
Examples
-The president was taken ill and, as a result/therefore/consequently the summit meeting was cancelled.
-The president was taken ill. As a result/therefore/ consequently, the summit meeting was
cancelled.
* e.g.
It was hot. So, I turned on the air-conditioning.